What are the potential side effects of NSAIDs?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for their analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, their use is associated with several potential side effects. The correct answer highlights the most significant adverse effects linked to NSAIDs, namely gastrointestinal bleeding, renal impairment, and increased blood pressure.

Gastrointestinal bleeding can occur due to the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, particularly COX-1, which plays a crucial role in protecting the gastric mucosa. When this protective mechanism is diminished, the risk of ulcer formation and bleeding increases.

Renal impairment may arise because NSAIDs can interfere with renal blood flow, particularly in susceptible populations or in the presence of pre-existing renal conditions. They inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which can lead to reduced glomerular filtration rate and other renal complications.

Increased blood pressure is also a concern with NSAID use, as they may promote sodium and water retention, which can contribute to hypertension. Additionally, NSAIDs can counteract the effectiveness of some antihypertensive medications, further complicating management for individuals with hypertension.

The other options focus on side effects that are not typically associated with NSAIDs or are less significant compared to