Which drug class is commonly associated with gastrointestinal side effects?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are indeed commonly associated with gastrointestinal side effects. This is primarily due to their mechanism of action, which inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes involved in the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins play a crucial role in maintaining the protective mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as regulating gastric acid secretion and promoting mucosal blood flow.

When NSAIDs inhibit COX enzymes, there is a reduction in protective prostaglandins, which can lead to gastrointestinal issues such as dyspepsia, gastritis, and even ulcers. The risk of these side effects is often heightened in individuals who have pre-existing gastrointestinal conditions, are elderly, or are using these medications long-term.

While other drug classes listed can also have gastrointestinal side effects, NSAIDs are particularly notable for their pronounced impact due to their direct action on the gastrointestinal mucosa and related pathways.